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\author{{{[jump="http://www.oekonux.org/"]Project Oekonux}}}
\title{OEkoNux}


\begin{document}

\maketitle
______________________________________________________________________

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{{\textbf{O}}ekonux
{\textbf{E}}inf�hrungs{\textbf{k}}ladde {\textbf{o}}hne
{\textbf{Nu}}tzungse{\textbf{x}}klusion}}

\item {\textit{Translation: Oekonux introductory blotter without use
exclusion}}

\item {\textit{This is a translation of the {\textit{original German}}
version}}

\item {\textit{URL:
\verb!http://www.oekonux.org/introduction/blotter/!}}

\end{list}

\chapter*{"Oekonux" - what does that mean?}


\section*{The project}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Discussion process about Free Software
and society

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Wide range of opinions

\item {\textit{Introduction is neither own opinion nor a simple
presentation}}

\item {\textit{Something in between}}

\item Common interest in emancipation

\end{itemize}
\item Mainly virtual

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Mailing lists $[$liste AT oekonux.de,
list-en AT oekonux.org$]$

\item Web sites $[$\verb!http://www.oekonux.de/!,
\verb!http://www.oekonux.org/!$]$

\item Wiki $[$\verb!http://en.wiki.oekonux.org/!$]$

\item Open Theory $[$\verb!http://www.opentheory.org/oekonux/!$]$

\end{itemize}
\item Sometimes less virtual also (conference, talks)

\end{itemize}

{\textit{Fourth Oekonux conference}}: 27.-29.3.2009,
Manchester (UK)


\chapter*{"Free Software" - what does that mean?}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Aspects, which are
important for the Oekonux discussion}}

\end{list}

\section*{Characteristics of Free Software}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Any software can be Free

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item GNU/Linux, Apache, Gcc, Perl

\item {\textit{Examples for system related software}}

\item KDE, OpenOffice.org, Gimp

\item {\textit{Examples for applications}}

\item Software for router, mobile phones, ...

\item {\textit{Examples for embedded system}}

\item {\textit{Shows how deep software is integrated in our every day
life}}

\end{itemize}
\item The actual product is gratis

\item {\textit{However: Price plays a role, but is not crucial}}

\item Source code is available

\item {\textit{Important for the most of the following four rights,
which every user of Free Software has}}

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Software may be used for any purpose

\item The sources may be studied and changed

\item The software may be distributed arbitrarily

\item Changed versions may be distributed arbitrarily

\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

Free in the sense of freedom


\section*{Keyword: Free Software Licences}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Licenses are contracts

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Govern under which conditions someone
may do something with the software

\item {\textit{Proprietary software also uses licenses}}

\item Especially: Use, modify, distribute

\item Software licenses are based on copyright

\item {\textit{Copyright is based on state power}}

\end{itemize}
\item The genius hack: Use the copyright system against
itself

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Copyright creates scarcity by denying
rights

\item Copyleft creates abundance by granting rights

\end{itemize}
\item Two main license types: GPL and BSD

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Though many licenses exist

\item {\textit{Since a license is a contract it's easy to invent a new
license}}

\item {\textit{But it's rarely useful}}

\item Lists of Free Software licenses by FSF and OSI

\end{itemize}
\item Main difference: May a licensee close sources
again or not?

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item BSD: Software may be distributed
without sources

\item GPL: Sources must be kept open

\item More than 50\% of Free Software projects use the GPL

\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

Fundamental facility to embed Free
Software in the law system

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Inherits the security from
the law system}}

\item {\textit{Inherits the power of the law system}}

\end{list}

\section*{Mode of production of Free Software}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{This is a very important
characteristic}}

\item Without money

\item {\textit{Developers finance themselves by other means}}

\item {\textit{Similar to other hobbies}}

\item Effort ist taken on a voluntary basis

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Necessity of concrete solutions to
problems

\item Selbstentfaltung of the developers

\item {\textit{Programming is fun (for some people)}}

\item {\textit{Other activities may serve the Selbstentfaltung also}}

\end{itemize}
\item Manifold self-organized in small, independent
groups

\item International in the Internet

\end{list}

Often a high quality results

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Quality is a direct result
of the mode of production}}

\end{list}

\section*{Keyword: Selbstentfaltung}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{The notion plays an central
role in Oekonux}}

\item More than self-realization

\item {\textit{Self-realization focuses too much on the isolated
individual}}

\item {\textit{Selbstentfaltung understands humans as formed by their
relations}}

\item Responsibility is part of Selbstentfaltung

\item {\textit{Taking necessities into account belongs to
responsibility}}

\item {\textit{Responsibility needs to be recognized individually}}

\item {\textit{Responsibility is learned and therefore coupled with
the norms of the society}}

\item Selbstentfaltung is "autonomy-in-interdependence"

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Dependency is not reduction but
extension of own possibilities

\item {\textit{Because others from whom I depend create possibilities
by their actions I would not have if only by myself}}

\end{itemize}
\item Selbstentfaltung of the single person is direct
precondition for the Selbstentfaltung of all

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item And vice-versa

\end{itemize}
\item Potential for Selbstentfaltung is essential
feature of humans

\item {\textit{See critical psychology (Holzkamp)}}

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Content is different for every
individual

\item {\textit{Particularly it's not necessarily political correct}}

\end{itemize}
\end{list}

In general Selbstentfaltung is a desirable
goal


\section*{Simply and Doubly Free Software}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Important distinction of
concepts}}

\item Simply Free Software

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Freedom for users

\item Standard rights of Free Software apply

\item Commercial Free Software

\item {\textit{Ordered Software}}

\end{itemize}
\item Doubly Free Software

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Freedom for users {\textbf{and}}
producers

\item Producers are active on non-alienated basis

\item No commercial Free Software

\end{itemize}
\end{list}

Special mode of production only for Doubly
Free Software

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 2
\item {\textit{Superior quality only for
Doubly Free Software}}

\item {\textit{There are mixed forms}}

\end{list}
\end{list}

\section*{Free Software and commercial influences}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Companies engaging themselves

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Distributors and Linux-Companies
(SuSE, RedHat, small ones, ...)

\item {\textit{Have an interest in the actual state, because they
emerged from it}}

\item Hardware and others (IBM, Sun, ...)

\item {\textit{Especially for hardware companies GNU/Linux is simply
useful}}

\item {\textit{Because of this they have an interest in the actual
state}}

\end{itemize}
\item Licenses prevent privatization

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Gnu General Public License (GPL)

\item Other licenses

\item {\textit{These partially allow re-privatization (BSD)}}

\end{itemize}
\item Quality accrues from the absence of alienation

\item {\textit{Only then creativity can fully unfold}}

\item Wage labor contradicts Selbstentfaltung

\item {\textit{Is alienated because it is aimed at a third goal
(making money)}}

\end{itemize}

Free Software can develop only without money

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{This ultimately prevents a
drastic commercialization}}

\item {\textit{Otherwise Free Software is destroyed}}

\end{list}

\section*{Perspectives of Free Software}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Free Software is becoming more and
more important

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item GNU/Linux on the desktop, too

\item {\textit{On servers GNU/Linux is already widespread}}

\item {\textit{Public administrations are early adaptors}}

\item GNU/Linux on embedded systems

\item Tempestuous development

\end{itemize}
\item Dangers

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Software patents

\item {\textit{In Europe: Years of struggle with many people from the
Free Software scene}}

\end{itemize}
\item More and more people are inspired by the idea

\item The principles of Free Software in other fields, too

\end{itemize}

Linux World Domination ;-)


\chapter*{Special features of Free Software}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Things specific for Project
Oekonux start here}}

\end{list}

\section*{Free Software is not a simple hobby}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Has high societal usage

\item Direct competition with commodities

\item {\textit{After a commodity market has been established}}

\item {\textit{With big success}}

\item Very modern product

\item {\textit{With very modern means of production}}

\item Develops international

\item Mainly written by professionals

\end{itemize}

Hobby, but in a new quality

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Other hobbies don't combine
all of these features}}

\end{list}

\section*{Free Software is not a commodity}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Without exchange

\item {\textit{Nothing must be exchanged}}

\item Exists in abundance

\item {\textit{There is no scarcity beyond technical limitations}}

\item Open sources make secrets impossible

\item Cooperation instead of competition

\item Absolute quality claim

\item {\textit{Result of the use-oriented way of production}}

\item {\textit{For commodities it suffices if the buyer believes in
quality relative to the competitors}}

\item Call to contribute (inclusion model)

\item {\textit{With commodities only a small circle may contribute
(exclusion model)}}

\end{itemize}

Free software is as worthless as the air to breathe

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Only commodities may have
an (exchange) value}}

\item {\textit{The use value is independent of this}}

\end{list}

\section*{Free Software is not a gift}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item A gift is based on a personal
relationship

\item {\textit{May exist before and/or after a gift}}

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item For most people Free Software is
anonymous as a product can be

\end{itemize}
\item A gift often creates an obligation

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Taking Free Software creates no
obligations

\end{itemize}
\item Producers of Free Software do not think in terms
of gift

\item {\textit{If at all then as a gift to mankind}}

\end{itemize}

Calling Free Software a gift is wrong


\section*{Keyword: Scarcity}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Deposits

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Determined by nature and unchangeable

\item Also products with respect to a certain point in time

\end{itemize}
\item Limitedness

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Portion of the deposits available to
humans

\item Is changeable by technical and other means

\item May occur when need is bigger than offer

\end{itemize}
\item Scarcity

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Is determined by society and can be
produced

\item {\textit{Mineral oil has not always been scarce}}

\item {\textit{Today for information commodities scarcity must be
produced}}

\item May occur when offer is bigger than need

\item {\textit{Yes, this is insane}}

\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

Scarcity is not a law of nature


\section*{Keyword: Rivalness}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Term to classify goods}}

\item Rival: If consumed by one not available for a second

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Example: Food

\item Rival goods can be limited

\item Abundance of a rival good makes rivalness less important

\end{itemize}
\item Non-rival: Each consumption is independent of each
other

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Example: Information, sunlight

\item Inherently not limited

\item Scarcity must be imposed by external means

\end{itemize}
\item Anti-rival: The good is more useful if it is
consumed by many

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Happens through network effects

\item Example: Telephone

\end{itemize}
\item Markets of material goods are based on rival goods

\end{list}

Free Software is an anti-rival good


\section*{Keyword: Excludability}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Term to classify goods}}

\item Excludable: Others can be excluded from using a good

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Matching legal concept: property

\item Can be cast onto everything

\item Can be hard to maintain though

\item {\textit{For instance: Information goods in Internet age}}

\item Necessary to create scarcity

\end{itemize}
\item Non-excludable: Others can not be excluded from
using it

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Anything which can not be private
property?

\item Non-excludable goods are often public goods

\item {\textit{For instance: Roads}}

\end{itemize}
\item Each market is based on excludable goods

\item Free Software made non-excludable by the license

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Chance of contributions rises when
more people use it

\item Regardless of how many "free ride"

\end{itemize}
\end{list}

GPL society: Extending principles of Free
Software to rival goods while dropping exclusion


\section*{Cooperation in Free Projects}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Informal

\item {\textit{Roles suited to the project's need rather than a fixed
set of roles}}

\item {\textit{No formal qualification needed}}

\item {\textit{Self-appointment as a general tendency}}

\item {\textit{Official appointment as acknowledgment of a existing
practice}}

\item {\textit{No votes on people}}

\item Self-selected

\item {\textit{According to individual liking}}

\item {\textit{No appointed persons}}

\item No fixed boundaries

\item {\textit{For instance: No clear division between producers and
consumers}}

\item Voluntary

\item Variable over time

\item {\textit{People come and go}}

\item Variable over intensity

\item {\textit{People start and stop contributing as they like}}

\item Unequal

\item {\textit{Everyone may contribute as s/he likes}}

\item {\textit{Some have more influence than others}}

\item {\textit{Different abilities are appreciated}}

\end{itemize}

Cooperation is voluntary, variable and unequal


\section*{Keyword: Maintainer model}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Software development is
most of all a social process}}

\item {\textit{Maintainer model is a frequent way to organize}}

\item {\textit{Here: Doubly Free Software projects}}

\item Voluntarism as fundamental pre-condition

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item No alienated incentives

\item Makes possible and requires personal decision

\end{itemize}
\item Self-organization as fundamental pre-condition

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Without external command or alienated
goals

\item {\textit{Visible for instance in release dates}}

\end{itemize}
\item Maintainer keeps the project on course

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Makes binding decisions

\item Supervises adherence to internal project standards

\item If necessary cares for further development

\item Organizes consensus ("Nobody needs to object")

\item {\textit{Not: Animosity}}

\item Can not command other participants

\end{itemize}
\item Mutual dependence

\item {\textit{Participants need the functions of the maintainer}}

\item {\textit{Maintainer needs the participants}}

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item On failure: Fork

\end{itemize}
\end{list}

Balances conflicts in Free Projects in an
optimal way


\section*{Free Software = Selbstentfaltung + digital copy}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Selbstentfaltung is the central motor
for production

\item Digital copy as a means of production is

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Lossless

\item Available to all by computers

\item Possible about big distances (Internet)

\item Universal for all (digital) information goods

\item {\textit{The content of the information good is not relevant for
the copy operation}}

\item {\textit{Analog to electric motors of the industrial era}}

\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

Possibility of digital copy is a new
quality


\section*{Keyword: Internet}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Digital copy on a planet-wide basis

\item {\textit{Inherits the features of digital copy}}

\item Lifts space limitations of cooperation

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item No limitation in size

\item Globalized and across cultural boundaries

\end{itemize}
\item Lifts time limitations of cooperation

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item No fixed time frames

\item Makes possible real time as well as asynchronous processes

\end{itemize}
\item As a medium has little inherent limitations

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Makes topic oriented coppoeration
possible

\item New projects and forks are always possible

\end{itemize}
\item Combines individual use with common access

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Everyone can be active based on
individual decision

\item {\textit{Also meaning: As producer or consumer}}

\item Everyone has access

\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

As a tool the Internet offers a lot new
features


\section*{Free in the sense of Free Software}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{This freedom is indicated
by the capital "F"}}

\item Absense of alienation

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Needs to result from the direct needs
of those involved

\item Self-organization

\item {\textit{Not organized by principles alienated from the
project}}

\item Voluntary participation

\item {\textit{Including voluntary taking over of responsibility}}

\item Enables Selbstentfaltung

\end{itemize}
\item Freedom is result of the process

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Results are Free because of the
process

\item {\textit{Can be used by anyone who needs them}}

\item {\textit{Implies that they are available without payment}}

\item I.e. unlimited externally

\end{itemize}
\item Freedom is pre-condition of the process

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item The process doesn't work without
Freedom

\item {\textit{Freedom enables contributions from all sides}}

\item I.e. unlimited internally

\end{itemize}
\item One's Freedom enables the Freedom of others

\item {\textit{Instead of limiting it like in abstract freedom}}

\end{list}

Defines several positive feedback cycles

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{This is where the power
comes from}}

\end{list}

\section*{Keyword: Germ form}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Something structural new existing in
the old

\item {\textit{Not the new in a small version}}

\item Features of a contemporary emancipatory germ form

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Global networking

\item Absence of exchange value and exchange

\item Self-organization

\item At the forefront of the development of productive forces

\item {\textit{Technical, but also social}}

\item Makes Selbstentfaltung possible

\item {\textit{Also as part of the development of productive forces}}

\end{itemize}
\item Germ forms can be assessed only historically

\item {\textit{However, one can try to recognize germ forms}}

\end{itemize}

Free Software has characteristics of a germ form


\section*{Keyword: Five-step}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Germ forms develop in a five-step

\item {\textit{Five-step is a general model for development}}

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Formation of the germ form

\item Crisis of the old form

\item Germ form becomes an important dimension of development in the
old form

\item Germ form becomes dominant

\item Restructuring of the over all process

\item {\textit{All phases can take a long time}}

\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

Free Software is in third step


\section*{Criticism: Germ form thesis}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Exists inside and outside
of the project}}

\item Free Software is useful for capital

\item {\textit{Only for some sections; more important: useful for
non-capital}}

\item {\textit{Points beyond capital structurally nonetheless}}

\item Free Software is financed by the value system

\item {\textit{Every germ form is in the beginning embedded in the
old}}

\item Immaterial production is fundamentally different

\item {\textit{Yes; important is what is dominant}}

\item Just nerds in patriarchal structures

\item {\textit{After all nobody can exclude women formally}}

\item {\textit{Interesting question: Why do women don't want to
self-unfold in this Free Software?}}

\item Free Software works in a meritocratic way

\item {\textit{There are no means of force in Free Software, so power
has no substance}}

\item Assessment of the germ form questionable

\end{list}

Everyone may make up his/her mind


\chapter*{Germ forms and other models and ideas}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Germ forms can be
distinguished from other models and ideas}}

\end{list}

\section*{Dam building vs. ship building}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Picture to make clear to
distinct approaches to politics}}

\item Dam building

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Useful to dam against rising tide

\item Goal: Defend the old

\item Conservative approach

\end{itemize}
\item Ship building

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Useful to use the rising tide

\item Goal: Journey to new shores

\item Progressive approach

\end{itemize}
\item Building dams and building ships are totally
different approaches

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item But they can complement each other

\end{itemize}
\end{list}

Free Software is ship building


\chapter*{The way to the GPL society}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{The possibilities are
outlined}}

\item {\textit{{\textbf{GPL society}} means a formation of society,
which is based on the principles of the development of Free Software}}

\end{list}

\section*{The utopia}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Until now it can be
imagines only in rough outlines}}

\item Means of production make Selbstentfaltung possible

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Useful: Maximum number of degrees of
freedom

\end{itemize}
\item Useful activities are Selbstentfaltung

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Societal and individual utility is
directly intertwined

\item {\textit{In part for this other means of work / machines are
needed}}

\item Automation makes necessary activities superfluous

\end{itemize}
\item Information and goods are Freely available

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Free availability is precondition of
the process

\item {\textit{So everyone can use all means to self-unfold}}

\item Free availability is result of the process

\item {\textit{Becaus of openness and inclusion model}}

\item This is what the capital "F" means

\end{itemize}
\item Overcoming of the labor society

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item No labor, no commodities

\item No exchange, no money

\item No alienation

\end{itemize}
\item The most important productive power is the human
Selbstentfaltung

\end{list}

The freedom of the single becomes the precondition of the
freedom of all

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{And vice versa}}

\end{list}

\section*{Free information goods}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Which hints are there
today?}}

\item Well-known ones

\item {\textit{The idea to limit access to information is a historical
relative new idea}}

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Science?

\item {\textit{Currently there are very different and contradictory
developments}}

\item Free cooking recipes

\end{itemize}
\item New ones

\item {\textit{In the Internet a number of things developed}}

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Wikipedia

\item Indymedia

\item Wikis, Blogs

\item Free music

\item {\textit{This does not mean copyright violation by P2P}}

\item SETI@home (i.e. sharing of computer ressources)

\end{itemize}
\end{list}

The idea of Free information goods gets more
and more friends


\section*{Keyword: Creative Commons}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Licenses for "Some rights reserved"

\item {\textit{Copyright: "All rights reserved"}}

\item Four license building blocks

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Attribution (BY)

\item {\textit{Demands attribution of the source on copies}}

\item Noncommercial (NC)

\item {\textit{Denies permission of commercial usage of the work}}

\item No Derivative works (ND)

\item {\textit{Denies permission to derive works}}

\item Share Alike (SA)

\item {\textit{Demands keeping the license on derived works}}

\end{itemize}
\item {\textit{Copyleft equals SA+BY}}

\item Big, international movement with good "marketing"
(\verb!http://creativecommons.org/!)

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Adaption of license terms to national
law systems

\item {\textit{3rd Oekonux conference: Presentation of the Austrian
variant}}

\item Many million of works under Creative Commons licenses already

\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

Creative Commons further the transfer of
the idea of Free Software

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 2
\item {\textit{Transfers idea to arbitrary
information goods}}

\item {\textit{Probably no initiative which does this with more
success}}

\end{list}
\end{itemize}

\section*{Free material goods}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Concrete projects

\item {\textit{Until now it is mainly a matter construction plans}}

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Free electronic and hardware projects

\item Free car projects

\end{itemize}
\item In capitalism information is an important
precondition for material production already

\item Material production becomes more and more an appendage of
production of information

\item {\textit{This is analogous to the fact, that today agricultural
production is a appendage of industrial production}}

\end{itemize}

Information society creates a fundamentally new
situation

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{GPL society brings meaning
to the notion of information society}}

\end{list}

\section*{Keyword: Fabber / Rapid Prototyping}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Rapid Prototyping is the
more official term}}

\item Fabbers are universal fabrication machines

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Materialize three-dimensional things
from digital data

\item Typically by "baking" some amorphous, fine-grained material

\item {\textit{Allow for constructing things which are difficult to
create otherwise}}

\item Actually exist

\item {\textit{Today: Mostly used for building models}}

\end{itemize}
\item Fabbers have some interesting features

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Link digital data and material world
closely

\item {\textit{Bringing the logic of digital data to the material
world}}

\item Universal for (parts of) material production

\item {\textit{Like computers for information: "One machine to rule
them all"}}

\item Allow material production for individual needs

\end{itemize}
\item Industrial robots are equally interesting

\end{list}

Fabbers transfer important aspects of the digital world to
matter


\section*{Other successful Free Projects: Wikipedia}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Web-based encyclopedia

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Transnational, multi-lingual endeavor

\item Based on Wiki technology

\end{itemize}
\item Produces useful products

\item {\textit{Is well-known for this reason}}

\item Grows fast

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Attracts "normal" people

\item Attracts knowledgeable people

\end{itemize}
\item Free in the sense of (Doubly) Free Software

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Freedom is pre-condition and result of
the process

\item Voluntary participation

\item Unlimited externally and internally

\end{itemize}
\item Challenge: Quality assurance

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Difference to Free Software: No
"technical truth"

\item {\textit{Software runs or not}}

\item {\textit{An encyclopedia article always reflects an opinion}}

\item Actions are on their way

\item {\textit{Result of those actions is of general interest}}

\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

Wikipedia is a very interesting Free
Project


\section*{Other successful Free Projects: Open Access}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Free access to scientific information

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Growing movement in the scientific
communities

\item {\textit{More and more acceptance in the scientific
communities}}

\item Based on Internet technology

\item Aligns well with scientific tradition of open flow of thoughts

\item Based on established methods of peer review

\end{itemize}
\item Produces useful products

\item At the forefront of the development of productive forces

\item {\textit{Science is a pre-condition for production with ever
increasing importance}}

\item Free in the sense of (Doubly) Free Software

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Freedom is pre-condition and result of
the process

\item Unlimited externally and internally

\end{itemize}
\item Challenge: Counter movement to lock away
scientific information

\item {\textit{E.g. patents}}

\end{itemize}

Open Access is a very interesting Free Project


\section*{Keyword: Automation}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Today

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Destroys jobs

\item Only capital is interested in automation

\end{itemize}
\item GPL society

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Extends possibilities of
Selbstentfaltung

\item {\textit{By reduction of unpleasant activity}}

\item {\textit{By the creative process preceeding it}}

\item {\textit{By the empowerment of the users}}

\item Everybody is interested in automation

\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

Much more will be automated

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{Today automation is still
impeded}}

\end{list}

\section*{Keyword: Need}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Is neither good nor bad but requires
satisfaction

\item Needs are determined by society

\item {\textit{By fashions and (structural) coercion}}

\item {\textit{So this is variable}}

\item Way of satisfaction is determined by society

\item {\textit{The need for mobility does not not have to be satisfied
by cars}}

\end{itemize}

Other societies - other needs


\section*{Criticism: GPL society}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item Some necessary activities will always
be done only under (structural) coercion

\item {\textit{Nevertheless: They need to be abolished}}

\item How to prevent e.g. ecological unsound Selbstentfaltung?

\item {\textit{Don't know}}

\end{itemize}

Partially this can be decided only historically


\chapter*{Percpectives}


\section*{The utopian toilet}

\begin{itemize} % Level 1
\item By Annette Schlemm and others

\item Sketches the satisfaction of a human need ;-)

\item {\textit{An excerpts follows}}

\item {\textit{$[$See \verb!http://www.oekonux.org/texts/utoklo/! for
translations$]$}}

\end{itemize}

\section*{Possible actions}

\begin{list}{ }{} % Level 1
\item {\textit{About this we did not think
very much until now}}

\item Support Free Software

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Use it yourself and recommend it to
others

\item Report bugs to the developers

\item Write Free Software yourself

\end{itemize}
\item Use standards

\item {\textit{Proprietary standards harm Free Software}}

\item Think further together

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Liberate yourself from the thinking
categories of the labor society

\item Project Oekonux (\verb!http://www.oekonux.org/!)

\end{itemize}
\item Make available your products Freely

\begin{itemize} % Level 2
\item Is easy for digital products

\end{itemize}
\item Start your own Free project


\end{list}


\end{document}
