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Stevan Harnad * Affinities and disaffinities among free software, peer-to-peer access, and open access to peer-reviewed research (was: [ox-en] Conference documentation)



Hi list and Stevan,

find below the documentation of Stevan's talk. Again I paraphrased the
slides as plain text for easier reply.


						Gr|_e

						Stefan

=== 8< === 8< === 8< === 8< === 8< === 8< === 8< === 8< === 8< === 8< ===
Affinities and disaffinities among free software, peer-to-peer access, and open access to peer-reviewed research
================================================================================================================

:Author: Stevan Harnad

:Organization: UQAM & U Southampton

:Location: Oekonux/P2P Manchester 2009

SUMMARY
-------

Free/Open Software (notably the first Free Software for creating
OAI-compliant Open Access Institutional Repositories, EPrints, created
in 2000, distributed under the GNU license, and now used worldwide)
has been central to the growth of the Open Access Movement.

However, there are also crucial distinctions that need to be made and
understood, among the movements for

1) Free/Open source software,

2) Open Access (to peer-reviewed research),

3) P2P file-sharing,

4) Open Data,

5) Creative Commons licensing, and

6) Wikipedia-style collective writing.

Open Access (OA) is focussed primarily on refereed research articles.

The crucial distinctions revolve mostly around

a) the fundamental difference between author *giveaway vs.
   non-giveaway* work and

b) the functional differences between the *re-use* needs for
   peer-reviewed research article texts on the one hand, and data,
   *software* and other kinds of digital content on the other.

What is Open Access (OA)?
-------------------------

.. rubric:: Free online access to refereed research articles

Open Access to What?
--------------------

ESSENTIAL:

* to all 2.5 million annual research articles

* published in all 25,000 peer- reviewed journals (and peer-reviewed
  conferences)

* in all scholarly and scientific disciplines, worldwide

OPTIONAL:

(because these are not all author give-aways, written only for usage
and impact):

1. Books

2. Textbooks

3. Magazine articles

4. Newspaper articles

5. Music

6. Video

7. Software

8. "Knowledge"

(or because author's choice to self-archive can only be encouraged,
not required in all cases):

9. Data

10. Unrefereed Preprints

There are two ways to provide OA:
---------------------------------

Green OA Self-Archiving: Authors self-archive the articles they
publish in the 25,000 peer-reviewed journals

Gold OA Publishing: authors publish in one of the c. 3500 OA
http://www.doaj.org/

NB: This presentation is exclusively about providing Green OA, through
university policy reform (by mandating Green OA Self-Archiving).

It is *not* about Gold OA Publishing, which is in the hands of the
publishing community, not the university community.

(Green OA may or may not eventually lead to Gold OA, but it will lead
with certainty to *OA*.)

Why OA?
-------

* OA maximizes research progress: uptake, usage, applications and
  impact

* *Direct benefit of OA*: research progress

* *Side-Benefits of OA*: developing world access, student access,
  public access

How to provide (Green) OA?
--------------------------

* Self-archive in Institutional Repository

* Universities and Funders Mandate Self-Archiving

Limited Access: Limited Research Impact
---------------------------------------

[see pages 8-9 in the PDF]

Maximized Research Access and Impact Through Self-Archiving
-----------------------------------------------------------

[see page 10 in the PDF]

Open Access increases citations
-------------------------------

[see page 11 in the PDF]

--------------------

*Usage Advantage + Early Advantage*: OA Articles are Downloaded more
and early downloads lead to later citations

[see page 12 in the PDF]

Data from arXiv

Downloads ("hits") in the first 6 months correlate with citations 2
years later

Most articles are not cited at all

--------------------

*(Competitive Advantage)*: The earlier you mandate Green OA, the
sooner (and bigger) yor university's competitive advantage: U.
Southampton School of Electronics and Computer Science was the first
in the world to adopt an OA self-archiving mandate. *(Competitive
Advantage vanishes at 100% OA.)*

[see page 13 in the PDF]

--------------------

[see page 14 in the PDF]

*OA Mandates*: Across all countries and disciplines, 95% of
researchers report that they would comply with a self-archiving
mandate from their funders and/or employers, and over 80% report that
they would do so willingly. -- But only 15% self-archive
spontaneously, if it *not* mandated.

--------------------

University of Tasmania

+Repository -Incentive -Mandate

[see page 15 in the PDF]

--------------------

University of Queensland

+Repository +Incentive -Mandate

[see page 16 in the PDF]

--------------------

Queensland University of Technology

+Repository +Incentive +Mandate

[see page 17 in the PDF]

--------------------

Many Repositories but few deposits because deposit mandates are still
few:

[see page 18 in the PDF]

What About Copyright?
---------------------

Mandate *ID/OA: Immediate Deposit, Optional Access*: All articles must
be *deposited* immediately upon acceptance for publication.
*Publishers have no say over institution-internal record-keeping.*

Embargoed articles can be made Closed Access instead of Open Access.

63% of journals are Green (already endorse immediate OA)

[see page 19 in the PDF]

--------------------

For the articles in the 37% of journals that have an embargo policy,
the free EPrints institutional Repository-creating software has a
Request a Copy - "P2P" -- Button:

.. rubric:: Request a copy

The user who reaches the metadata for a Closed Access article puts his
email in a box and clicks.

This sends an automatic email to the author, with a URL on which the
author clicks to automatically email the eprint to the requester.

--------------------

Harvard's Copyright Reservation Mandate Model (*with opt-out*)

with its new

ID/OA clause (*without opt-out*)

Immediate Deposit/Optional Access

--------------------

Copyright Reform (and Gold OA) will follow Universal Green OA

Universal Green OA needs to be mandated

Mandates need to be successfully adopted globally

ID/OA is the weakest OA mandate, hence the easiest to reach consensus
on adopting

ID/OA moots all copyright concerns

Copyright Reform should not be made a precondition for mandating OA

The *Commonalities* and *Distinctions*
--------------------------------------

* Open Access,

* Free/Open Software

* P2P file sharing

* Open Data

* Creative Commons Licensing

* Wikipedia

1) :distinct:`Exception-Free Creator Give-Away?`

   (Created for uptake, usage and impact alone?)

2) :distinct:`Peer-Revewed?`

3) :distinct:`Published?`

4) :distinct:`Publicly Funded?`

5) :distinct:`Copyright Barrier?`

6) :common:`Access to code?`

7) :distinct:`Modifying/Remixing/"re-using" code?`

8) :distinct:`Republishing Code?`

Open Access
-----------

1) Exception-Free Creator Give-Away

   (Created for uptake, usage and impact alone)

2) Peer-Revewed

3) Published

4) :distinct:`Publicly Funded?`

   Not all (hence funder mandates are not enough)

5) :distinct:`Copyright Barrier?`

   Some (hence ID/OA mandate preferable to license negotiation
   mandate)

6) :common:`Access to code`

7) :distinct:`Modifying/Remixing/"re-using" code?`

   *No (refereed research article texts not to be modified or
   re-mixed)*

8) :distinct:`Republishing Code allowed?`

   No (but no need for published
   article text - but no need either, if text is already OA)

Free/Open Software
------------------

1) :distinct:`Exception-Free Creator Give-Away?`

   (Created for uptake, usage and impact alone?)

   Not all (nor most, yet)

2) :distinct:`Peer-Revewed?`

   Most not

3) :distinct:`Published?`

   Most not

4) :distinct:`Publicly Funded?`

   Some only

5) :distinct:`Copyright Barrier?`

   Some

6) :common:`Access to code`

7) Modifying/Remixing/"re-using" code

8) Republishing Code

P2P File-Sharing
----------------

1) :distinct:`Exception-Free Creator Give-Away?`

   (Created for uptake, usage and impact alone?)

   Not all (nor most, yet)

2) :distinct:`Peer-Revewed?`

   Most not

3) :distinct:`Published?`

   Some

4) :distinct:`Publicly Funded?`

   Most not

5) :distinct:`Copyright Barrier?`

   Some

6) :common:`Access to code`

7) Modifying/Remixing/"re-using" code

8) Republishing Code

Open Data
---------

1) :distinct:`Exception-Free Creator Give-Away?`

   (Created for uptake, usage and impact alone?)

   Not all (nor most, yet)

2) :distinct:`Peer-Revewed?`

   Most not

3) :distinct:`Published?`

   Most not

4) :distinct:`Publicly Funded?`

   Some only

5) :distinct:`Copyright Barrier?`

   Most not

6) :common:`Access to code`

7) Modifying/Remixing/"re-using" code

8) Republishing Code

Creative Commons Licensing (Books, Music, Video)
------------------------------------------------

1) :distinct:`Exception-Free Creator Give-Away?`

   (Created for uptake, usage and impact alone?)

   Not all (nor most, yet)

2) :distinct:`Peer-Revewed?`

   Most not

3) :distinct:`Published?`

   Some

4) :distinct:`Publicly Funded?`

   Some only

5) :distinct:`Copyright Barrier?`

   Most

6) :common:`Access to code`

7) Modifying/Remixing/"re-using" code

8) Republishing Code?

Wikipedia
---------

1) Exception-Free Creator Give-Away

   (Created for uptake, usage and impact alone?)

2) :distinct:`Peer-Revewed?`

   Not

3) :distinct:`Published?`

   Most not

4) :distinct:`Publicly Funded?`

   Not

5) :distinct:`Copyright Barrier`

   Not

6) :common:`Access to code`

7) Modifying/Remixing/"re-using" code

8) Republishing Code

--------------------

			     Open Access,
			 Free/Open Software,
				 P2P,
			      Open Data
		      Creative Commons Licensing
			      Wikipedia

The only shared invariant across all 5 is the quest for:

6) :common:`Access to code`

And what makes it possible to mandate Open Access to the code (text)
for refereed research is that *it is all an author give-away already,
written solely for access, uptake, usage and impact, not for fee or
royalty.*

SUMMARY
-------

Free/Open Software (notably the first Free Software for creating
OAI-compliant Open Access Institutional Repositories, EPrints, created
in 2000, distributed under the GNU license, and now used worldwide)
has been central to the growth of the Open Access Movement.

However, there are also crucial distinctions that need to be made and
understood, among the movements for

1) Free/Open source software,

2) Open Access (to peer-reviewed research),

3) P2P file-sharing,

4) Open Data,

5) Creative Commons licensing, and

6) Wikipedia-style collective writing.

Open Access (OA) is focussed primarily on refereed research articles.

The crucial distinctions revolve mostly around

a) the fundamental difference between author *giveaway vs.
   non-giveaway* work and

b) the functional differences between the *re-use* needs for
   peer-reviewed research article texts on the one hand, and data,
   *software* and other kinds of digital content on the other.

--------------------

Author's URLs (UQAM & Southampton):
http://www.crsc.uqam.ca/
http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON OA IMPACT ADVANTAGE:
http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html

BOAI Self-Archiving FAQ: http://www.eprints.org/self-faq/

CITEBASE (scientometric engine): http://citebase.eprints.org/

EPRINTS: http://www.eprints.org/

OA ARCHIVANGELISM: http://openaccess.eprints.org/

ROAR (Registry of OA Repositories): http://roar.eprints.org/

ROARMAP (Registry of OA Repository Mandates):

http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/
ROMEO/EPRINTS (Directory of Journal Policies on author OA Self-Archiving):
http://romeo.eprints.org/

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