Re: [ox-en] "The science of persuasion"
- From: ernie openmoney.org
- Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2004 12:31:49 -0800
On Friday 27 February 2004 11:41, Per I. Mathisen wrote:
"2. Done by each to the other; interchanging or interchanged; given and
received; due from each to each; mutual; as, reciprocal love; reciprocal
duties.
Usage: Reciprocal, Mutual. The distinctive idea of mutual is, that the
parties unite by interchange in the same act; as, a mutual covenant;
mutual affection, etc. The distinctive idea of reciprocal is, that one
party acts by way of return or response to something previously done by
the other party; as, a reciprocal kindness; reciprocal reproaches, etc.
Love is reciprocal when the previous affection of one party has drawn
forth the attachment of the other. To make it mutual in the strictest
sense, the two parties should have fallen in love at the same time; but as
the result is the same, the two words are here used interchangeably. The
ebbing and flowing of the tide is a case where the action is reciprocal,
but not mutual."
(Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary)
Hope this clears up any confusion.
This very nicely ties reciprocity and mutual aid together - i really like
Kropotkin's description of Kabyle society in Mutual Aid...
"As the Kabyles already have private property, they evidently have both rich
and poor among them. But like all people who closely live together, and know
how poverty begins, they consider it as an accident which may visit every
one. "Don't say that you will never wear the beggar's bag, nor go to prison,"
is a proverb of the Russian peasants; the Kabyles practise it, and no
difference can be detected in the external behaviour between rich and poor;
when the poor convokes an "aid," the rich man works in his field, just as the
poor man does it reciprocally in his turn.(34*) Moreover, the djemmâas set
aside certain gardens and fields, sometimes cultivated in common, for the use
of the poorest members. Many like customs continue to exist. As the poorer
families would not be able to buy meat, meat is regularly bought with the
money of the fines, or the gifts to the djemmâa, or the payments for the use
of the communal olive-oil basins, and it is distributed in equal parts among
those who cannot afford buying meat themselves. And when a sheep or a bullock
is killed by a family for its own use on a day which is not a market day, the
fact is announced in the streets by the village crier, in order that sick
people and pregnant women may take of it what they want. Mutual support
permeates the life of the Kabyles, and if one of them, during a journey
abroad, meets with another Kabyle in need, he is bound to come to his aid,
even at the risk of his own fortune and life; if this has not been done, the
djemmâa of the man who has suffered from such neglect may lodge a complaint,
and the djemmâa of the selfish man will at once make good the loss. We thus
come across a custom which is familiar to the students of the mediaeval
merchant guilds. Every stranger who enters a Kabyle village has right to
housing in the winter, and his horses can always graze on the communal lands
for twenty-four hours. But in case of need he can reckon upon an almost
unlimited support. Thus, during the famine of 1867-68, the Kabyles received
and fed every one who sought refuge in their villages, without distinction of
origin. In the district of Dellys, no less than 12,000 people who came from
all parts of Algeria, and even from Morocco, were fed in this way. While
people died from starvation all over Algeria, there was not one single case
of death due to this cause on Kabylian soil. The djemmâas, depriving
themselves of necessaries, organized relief, without ever asking any aid from
the Government, or uttering the slightest complaint; they considered it as a
natural duty. And while among the European settlers all kind of police
measures were taken to prevent thefts and disorder resulting from such an
influx of strangers, nothing of the kind was required on the Kabyles'
territory: the djemmâas needed neither aid nor protection from without.(35*)"
http://www.calresco.org/texts/mutaid4.htm
ernie
openmoney.org
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